
The hashtag #roman empire has reportedly been viewed over a billion times on TikTok, with most videos women asking men the question: How often do you think about the Roman Empire? The surprising answer: a lot. Feminist historian Mary Beard, of course, says it’s because of male chauvinism [How often do you think about the Roman Empire? Expert has thoughts on the new TikTok trend, SkyNews, September 27, 2023]. Well, here’s one reason to think about it: I believe the rise and fall of Rome coincided with the rise and fall of Roman intelligence. Rome fell because its people were becoming less intelligent. And the same thing is happening today.
Indeed it is! My new paper proving that dysgenic breeding and immigration caused the fall of Rome is causing all the right mutants to froth at the mouth with cognitive dissonance. https://t.co/5m8eN5Wipx https://t.co/patkSs61td
— Edward Dutton (@jollyheretic) July 26, 2023
Many theories attempt to explain the Roman Empire’s collapse. It was overstretched, meaning it could no longer efficiently transport the necessary raw materials. Or it came up against problems that its elite could not solve, leading to the populace losing faith in these elites. The problem with these explanations is that they invite obvious questions. Why did Rome gradually become less efficient? Why were its elites decreasingly able to solve the problems of running a large empire?
The essence of intelligence is “solving problems.” Group-level intelligence is associated with all of the markers of civilization: wealth, numeracy, education, democracy, social trust, obedience to the law and just authority, and, importantly, good health and public hygiene achieved with plumbing and sanitation. (This is explored in the book Intelligence: A Unifying Construct for the Social Sciences, by the late Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen.)
We would then expect civilization to weaken selection for intelligence because it reduces environmental harshness and leads to improved living conditions: again, good public health and hygiene because of widely available food, clean water, and medical care, etc., which decreases the relationship between wealth (socioeconomic status is a robust correlate of intelligence) and how many surviving children one has, with such a relationship existing in the earlier stages of civilization. (I discussed this in my book At Our Wits’ End, with my co-author Michael Woodley of Menie.)
In our new study published last month in OpenPsych, Italian anthropologist Davide Piffer, Danish independent researcher Emil Kirkegaard, and I have attempted to prove the hypothesis. We found compelling evidence that the Roman Empire not only collapsed but also rose due to changes in intelligence [Intelligence Trends in Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of Roman Polygenic Scores].
Intelligence is strongly genetic. Studies of adult identical twins find that it is about 0.8 heritable, meaning 40 percent of the variance in the trait is explained by genetics. Geneticists have identified specific alleles—different forms of genes—that are associated with it. Specifically, they have found alleles strongly associated with being highly educated, and being highly educated is robustly associated with intelligence.
It follows that we would expect the prevalence of these alleles to play an important part in the average intelligence of groups and, indeed, Piffer’s earlier research found a 0.9 (a very strong) correlation between national IQs and the prevalence of these alleles [Correlation between PGS and environmental variables, by David Piffer, RPubs, 2018].
But we can also examine “ancient genomes.” These are broadly representative samples of skeletons from different eras from which DNA has been extracted, potentially allowing us to explore the rise and fall of alleles.
The prevalence is known as the “polygenic score.” We undertook this in our study. We analyzed 127 Ancient Roman genomes, dividing them into pre-Iron Age or Neolithic (10,000 to 2000 BC), Iron Age and Republic (900 to 200 BC), Imperial (0 to 400 AD), Late Antiquity (400 to 700 AD) and Medieval-Early Modern, up to 1770.
Based on the prevalence of these alleles, we found that intelligence increased from the Neolithic Era to the Iron Age. This is consistent with the way in which harsh Darwinian pressures select for intelligence. It also becomes bundled together with other adaptive traits, such as a strong immune system. Based on these polygenic scores, intelligence increased across the Iron Age and Early Republic. So, as we would predict, increasing intelligence in the Roman population went hand-in-hand with the rise of Rome as a Great Power that displaced the Greek City States. Having attained the heights of civilization earlier, those states would have been under weakened selection by this stage.
Everything changed by the arrival of the Imperial Era. This, as any historian will tell you, was unlike the well-ordered, relatively democratic Republic. It was marked by war, internal strife, political instability, and other traits that would be associated with lower average IQ. The end of the Republic was marred by civil war and general chaos, which led to the rise of the Caesars. The prevalence of the alleles showed that intelligence declined in this period.
That’s what one would expect. Rome had become a high civilization, which reduced the correlation between intelligence and how many surviving children people have. An example of the easier conditions the Republic created: the “Cura Annonae,” a government-run program that was initially introduced in 123 BC with a grain law. It provided free or subsidized grain and bread to the poorest 40,000 citizens of Rome. It reached about 200,000 by the time of Augustus (31 BC-14 AD).
And during his time, higher-class men—meaning intelligent men—were increasingly failing to have children, a trend noted by Roman commentators such as Ovid.
Accordingly, Augustus imposed a tax on the childless. But the higher-class men simply paid it.
It is unclear why, in such conditions, intelligent people do not want children. Mortality salience—awareness of one’s eventual death—does increase the desire for children, as I explored in my book The Past is a Future Country, with my co-author J.O.A. Rayner-Hilles. In its absence, intelligent people seem to stop wanting children—something the historian Polybius also noted about Athens in about 200 BC.
With harsher conditions reimposed, and Rome having collapsed into disorder, by Late Antiquity (300-700 AD), intelligence has increased and is about the same as it is today when compared to a sample of contemporary Italian genomes. Early Modern intelligence (Medieval up to 1770) was found to be slightly higher than today, as would be predicted by the harsh conditions under which they lived, including the Mini-Ice Age.
There is, however, another reason for declining Roman intelligence: low-intelligence immigration. During the Imperial Period, immigrants surged into Rome from the periphery of the empire. Some of it, from colder northern areas, may actually have increased average intelligence, but Near Eastern average intelligence was (and is) significantly lower.
When we published this study in July, “I Love Science”-tists—such as U.K. popular scientist Adam Rutherford—roundly mocked it on Twitter, where our study was widely discussed.
In tribute to the recent death of racist fraud Richard Lynn, his unaffiliated cosplaying drooling disciples squeeze out a historically specious eugenic jismfantasy in their fake journal pamphlet. It’s like race pseudoscience bingo. Chef’s kiss, but from a turd-fingered lip. pic.twitter.com/Yr486lrm06
— Dr Adam Rutherford (@AdamRutherford) July 25, 2023
Rutherford’s tweet was so manifestly dripping with fallacious arguments and personal vitriol that it is little more than a fascinating insight into the fellow’s personal psychology.
One good point, though made mockingly: Our samples for each era were relatively small. Our counter argument: The level of statistical significance with regard to whether the polygenic scores for each era were genuinely different was 0.02 percent. Over 5 percent is the acceptable standard in science (95 percent confidence). Thus, we can be 99.98% confident that our findings are not a fluke.
If Rutherford won’t accept that, then he shouldn’t fly in airplanes or use modern medicine because he can’t be confident that nothing will go wrong.
So just before the Roman Empire collapsed, highly intelligent Romans were not having children. Nor did they wish to do so. Add to that mass immigration from places historically subject to far weaker selection pressures for intelligence.
If this reminds you of Europe and the U.S. today—it should.
Edward Dutton (email him | Tweet him) is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology at Asbiro University, Łódź, Poland. You can see him on his Jolly Heretic video channels on YouTube and Bitchute. His books are available on his home page here.
The fall of Rome wasn’t due to one particular cause but a collection of problems which is inherent to all Empires that eventually create the circumstances of their own demise.
The people who count…the silent unrewarded intelligent minority who are turned to by great and small, alike. Th people who have enough intelligence to solve foreseeable problems, when these people no-longer believe because they only see their efforts benefiting the bloated grifters and inbreds at the top, when you lose them the empire is over.
The masses may listen to the actors and blowhards at the top whose gift us the gab but its the silent people with knowledge of how to get the machine of society working that matter.
The U.S is now losing these people…doesn’t look good.
“If Rutherford won’t accept that, then he shouldn’t fly in airplanes or use modern medicine because he can’t be confident that nothing will go wrong.”
If you were an aircraft engineer or a medical researcher (not some genetically defective NHS doctor) you might have better grounds for such remarks. Although these days, aircraft engineering and medicine seem to be going backwards. It’s not because of lack of intelligence in the population. It’s because of the absence of checks on the judeo-masonic domination of society. Intelligent people have fewer children because of that system. The white population is declining because of that system, that didn’t arise because of “spiteful mutants.” It’s not because niggers have little trouble finding food.
Let’s say I’m a visiting Martian, or maybe a robot Chinese historian from the future. I know nothing at all about the Roman empire, and more importantly, I know nothing at all about the present soon-to-be-defunct Zio-Empire in which the discussion here is being held.
I read the above article: whether or not I understand the terms and arguments being made, it sounds rational and intellectually dignified and, at least plausibly, procedurally sound.
Then I read the tweet by Dr. Adam Rutherford, which constitutes what he believes to be a sound rebuttal.
Who am I instinctively inclined to believe, based simply on an evaluation of intellectual dignity?
This is why, mutatis mutandis, I cannot ever bring myself to accept prima facie any claim, any claim at all, which comes from the spittle-flecked lips of the rabid left, for whom ad-hominems, potty-mouth insults, unproven claims, constant shrieks that “anything I don’t like has been debunked” without showing the work, argument by point-and-splutter, deliberate misuse and inversion of terminology, whose positions must be enforced not by procedure, but by a black-clad drug addict in a bicycle helmet and a home-made shield, trying to whack me on the head with a sawed-off flag-pole, like some deranged modern-day Quixotista.
If I saw a leftist kid running a lemonade stand, I would assume he was selling ammonia.
You:
Indeed it is! My new paper proving that dysgenic breeding and immigration caused the fall of Rome
This is not science ! No matter how many studies appear to corroborate a theory, one contrary observation can completely disprove it. The theory that all swans are white can be disproved by the observation of a black swan, as Hume famously asserted.
As regards the Roman Empire, multiple factors were in play, including, quite possibly, a drop in the average intelligence.
As you write:
You:
An example of the easier conditions the Republic created: the “Cura Annonae,” a government-run program that was initially introduced in 123 BC with a grain law. It provided free or subsidized grain and bread to the poorest 40,000 citizens of Rome. It reached about 200,000 by the time of Augustus (31 BC-14 AD).
Obviously, this was a serious economic burden and was not repeated on anything like the same scale in Constantinople, until it was abolished.
Some form of Cura Annonae may have persisted as late as the 6th century for Rome, but far less grain was shipped compared to earlier periods; in Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, it lasted as late as the 7th century, in reduced form.
You:
There is, however, another reason for declining Roman intelligence: low-intelligence immigration. During the Imperial Period, immigrants surged into Rome from the periphery of the empire. Some of it, from colder northern areas, may actually have increased average intelligence, but Near Eastern average intelligence was (and is) significantly lower.
Indeed. But these people congregated in Rome and a couple of other cities. Even in Imperial times, Rome only constituted 10% or less of the Italian population. The urban poor did not supply the manpower for the Roman army. Even with the corn dole, these people were far too malnourished and diseased to become legionaries. They were only a small fraction of the population of the Western Roman Empire, never mind all of the Roman Empire. Any comprehensive study would have to cover the complete area of the Western Roman Empire over many centuries, at the very minimum.
It is the Western Roman Empire that Dutton is talking about. The Eastern Roman Empire – complete with denizens of significantly lower average intelligence – survived for another thousand years. Explain, maestro.
good news, thanks to our illegal sanctions, the russians are now completely independent, in producing passenger airliners. they are currently designing, building and sourcing materials completely from within the russian federation and allied nations. so let the airmax 737, fight off the pilot’s best attempt, to keep the plane from nose diving straight into the ground, because boeing laid off their engineers and used $10 hr indian subcontractors to design the software. this problem takes care of itself eventually. my advice to any in this current generation, is to go east young man.
myself, i’m kind of enjoying watching the fall of the zioneocon empire.
Eric Voegelin, in his “Israel and Relevation”, or it maybe his books on Gnosticism explains that the Empire was destroyed from within by Gnosticism. Gnosticism may be a symptom of reduced intelligence, certainly reading about it makes this a likely scenario.
On the other hand, I’ve been reading on this channel, that ‘Rome’ did not fall for another 1000 years, when the Ottomans sacked Byzantium (Rome). Also, that the reason the ‘dark’ ages were so dark, was that they did not exist at all … calendar, since the Roman (Italy) church wanted to erase the true empire from History.
The manual working class of Britain – the miners, steel workers etc – have been wiped out by Tory and Labour politicians in the past fifty years. They had and have a former grasp on reality than most book (or internet) educated graduates. The manual working dustmen in my locality were among the first to realise that Covid wasn’t so dangerous and resented having to go out in the rain to empty smelly bins while white collar managers lounged from home.
I am certain the miners in my locality would never have gone along with crazy ideas such as men can become women, or that the anus is a sex organ. Such advocates would likely have ended up with a sharp lump of coal embedded in their colon.
Speaking of Davide Piffer, he had an informative interview with Emil Kirkegaard: https://www.emilkirkegaard.com/p/ancient-genomes-discussion-with-davide
Regarding the Flynn Effect, Woodley of Menie had created a video presentation in which he found the physical location of the Flynn Effect in the human brain – a region of the brain in the lymbic system that has been growing over time, a region associated with memory formation.
Regarding Jewish eugenic trends, what about the Kevin MacDonald idea of the religious practice of the community pairing the best Jewish male scholars with the daughters of the most successful Jewish businessmen, and then ensuring these couples had higher fertility than the rest? There is also Charles Murray’s article “Jewish Genius”: https://www.commentary.org/articles/charles-murray/jewish-genius/
A thought: around 7,000 years ago, Indo-Europeans spread out from the Caucasus and spread Westward, but also Eastward as far as India, increasing the genetic quality of the local populations, such as by creating the Brahman class of India. Is it possible that these Indo-European migrants could have also spread to the Israeli lands and provided part of the more advanced DNA required to form the original local population that invented Judaism?
Mr. Dutton had also commented on Hindu genetics: https://www.jollyheretic.com/p/what-can-the-west-learn-from-indias
I had stated the following in response:
India is a lot more Individually Selected than Mr. Dutton seems to be aware of. If you want to know what kinds of cultural messages India’s elites are promoting, just look at Bollywood shows – extreme levels of feminism. They have lots of police shows where 50% of the police officers are female. And there is one show where the entire police force is female. In the shows, the police use beatings to get confessions out of suspects, and the shows show female police officers beating male suspects, but never show male police officers beating female suspects. And, Bollywood shows promote homosexuality and transexuality.
In other words, Bollywood promotes feminism at the same level as Hollywood. The last movie I watched had a female judge as a hero fighting against an “evil” male businessman. And females are equally represented across all jobs in the Bollywood shows/movies. Bollywood is run by fellow Asian-Indians, not Kevin MacDonald’s infamous cohort.
A summary of feminism in Bollywood: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-1MK1kV6oI
Video Link
Female cops stripping a male suspect down to his underwear and then beating him: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayYay_mhNWA&list=PLJsl0JRBuDfEIxmTJSzRs2YZTrT7I8Pq1
Video Link
All female police force: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISEFvAkFlRE
Video Link
But yes, for now, India does still have the Caste System, thus protecting the Indo-European derrived Brahmans.
__________________________
An Asian-Indian responded to me as follows:
Bollywood and “popular” TV that you are pointing to are actually quite badly hated by the vast majority of the population of the country at the moment. Most of the latest big productions have failed miserably and the producers, directors, writers and even the actors involved in these projects can be found to constantly blame the “Hindu nationalists” for their failures. There is some truth to that claim too, but mostly it is just that the media that is used to represent the country is not really representative. The actually popular media is still very much group selected and promotes a positive vision for the country and the culture, but I don’t suppose a lot of it gets promoted outside of India.
“In tribute to the recent death of racist fraud Richard Lynn, his unaffiliated cosplaying drooling disciples squeeze out a historically specious eugenic jismfantasy in their fake journal pamphlet. It’s like race pseudoscience bingo. Chef’s kiss, but from a turd-fingered lip.”
The snotty upstart, Dr Adam Rutherford in his comments about the death of Dr. Richard Lynn, shows what type of person he is: He’s a leftist sycophant, has no class, no professionalism, is extremely bitter and seems to be projecting some kind of homosexual and/or scatalogical fantasies.
Welcome to what passes for scholars in Britain today.
Only someone of low IQ would skip the Macedonian Empire entirely.
It is indeed a conundrum. The system cannot get the best people into the best schools. The best people are largely demoralized. F-35’s cannot fly.
And yet the United Air Lines and Delta jets run a tight schedule and never crash.
An argument can be made but never proven that this is sort of the way it has always been but modern ubiquitous internet chatter means now it shows up bold.
There are so many things wrong with that tweet, and with Adam Rutherford’s other output, that it would need thousands of words to describe them. I’ll just pick one: the word “unaffiliated”.
Rutherford was not a good enough geneticist for a tenured position at University College London. After some years as a journalist he returned to his alma mater as an “honorary senior research associate”, teaching off-topic subjects such as racism and eugenics. So yes, he’s “affiliated” to a first-class university, but not by holding a tenured position awarded for serious research.
The drop in Roman IQ was probably due to the lead pipes they used to carry their water and the lead acetate they used to sweeten their wine.
“[imtelligence] is about 0.8 heritable, meaning 40 percent of the variance in the trait is explained by genetics.”
Shouldn’t that be: 0.8^2 = 0.64?
“The essence of intelligence is ‘solving problems.’”
More precisely, in Rasch theory, which is the mathematical basis for the best intelligence tests, the Stanford-Binet and Woodcock-Johnson, the measure of a person’s intelligence is the measure of the difficulty of the problems he can solve (with 50% probability). Both difficulty of questions and intelligence of people taking the tests are measured on the same scale. Empirically, a 2 stankard deviation difference (the difference between the top 1 in 6 and the bottom 1 in 6 people) is the same as between an adult and a 10 year old.
Apparently, the Western Empire had a higher IQ drop than the East, which lasted another 1000 years. I think the clinching blow against the West was a period of climate cooling, which made growing crops in Northern and Western Europe more difficult. This set the barbarian tribes in motion southward and also reduced the wealth of the western empire substantially, making it harder to finance the legions needed to repel the barbarians. The more southerly eastern empire was less affected and better able to finance defense against the barbarians. Eventually, the Emperors conceded the West to the invaders (except for Justinian’s attempt to reconquer Italy in the 6th century). Periods of global cooling have always increased conflict and misery among the human race. The next one will be catastrophic.
Coercive, deviant black government is cancerous. How could it possibly not be cancerous? Ye who governs will eat without working. Unless the cancer is surgically removed, it will grow with the only limit being the death of the host.
Zoochosis. An animal, sufficiently caged, interrupts the mating cycle in favour of trying to escape the cage.
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Unlikely. It is always the case that they’re not sending their best. Social status is zero sum: if you’re winning at home, by moving you can only go down.
I’m not at all on board with abolishionist arguments against slavery.
Not mentioned above: most of the imported labour was slave labour. This selects against high-status individuals even more reliably than immigration. In short you need to sterilize your slaves or they’ll lay waste to your gene pool. If you’re e.g. Christian and can’t bring yourself to sterilize them, you need a hardcore ban against slavery.
The Roman Empire fell because of superlong stuff on the internet. Pretty girls are fun but there’s a limit.
Yes, as has been said many times, the parallels between the Roman Empire and our current empire are too many not to be devastating.
No, because in 1945 a young marine raised on his uncle’s farm could be sent to Yale (my next door neighbor growing up). That is to say, there was an effort at meritocracy. This isn’t the f-ing “United Kingdom.” One of the only extant films of an interview with John Von Neumann involves him discussing the need to improve American secondary education.
The people who run American are 100% aware of what they are doing to sabotage education. It has actually become normative in the culture, that people do not want their children to be “prodigies” or to do what the asians do to give their children advantages.
Niggers running amok in the schools, merciless quotas shutting out their male relatives, these are water off a duck’s back for those who buy into the judeo-masonic system.
“Some of it, from colder northern areas, may actually have increased average intelligence”
Only Southern European intelligence is subject to natural selection over the centuries? Northern European intelligence is not?
It’s a reasonable assumption that Northern Europeans were relatively dumb in antiquity, as the gap in material culture suggests.
The Romans stereotyped northern Europeans as tall, blond, and dumb, compared to the Roman themselevs.
And we all know that stereotypes tends to be true.
Natural selection applies to all, not only Romans. It’s only over the course of the middle ages and early modern era that Northern Europeans developed their traits highly compatible with advanced civilization. For example, HBD Chick frequently blogged about how medieval manoralism caused Northwest European personality to evolve into what it is now.
And harsh climate does not guarantee high IQ. For example, Western Europe has milder climate than Eastern Europe, but slightly higher intelligence.
It’s likely that the influx of barbaric Northerners into Italy made Italy dumber, not smarter, and that it was one of the reasons civilization declined.
Greeks are not Hellenes. Hellenes don’t exist anymore.
Italians are not Romans. Romans don’t exist anymore.
Americans are not English. The English still exist, but only barely and they won’t for long.
This also happened with the Spanish, both on the conqueror side (South America) and on the getting conquered side (Moors). Further, they clearly contributed to declining Roman genetic capital. Really get around, do the Hispanics.
China is too conformist to rise, but they at least understand that expansionism = death. The Han will go on being Han. They were probably taught the principle by mountains rather than their scholars or even experience, but nevertheless.
Another text from someone who has no idea about real history. Roman genetics from 10K – 2K BC? It must be some kind of joke? What kind of Romans existed at that time? Who were the Romans anyway?
Who were the natives of Europe and who lived in Europe at that time? Where did European culture originate? Where did the oldest European language originate? What language did the Romans speak in eg 2000BC? Were the Romans Aryans who took the language to Asia to become Sanskrit?
Where do the Etruscans fit into that story and who were they? Is it known that the Roman Empire did not collapse in the city of Rome but in the geographical centre of the Roman Empire (somewhere midway between Persia and northern England)? Is it known that 80% of the Roman army were non-Apenninians?
Is it known that 200 years before the fall of Rome, the capital of the empire was in Sirmium, where Diocletian lived? Is it known that 17 Roman emperors were born in Sirmium and that 28 of them (40 if the later Eastern Roman Empire is included) were Serbs? Is it known that the elite units of the Roman legions were Serbs? Is it known that Serbian-Roman emperors persecuted Christians (Diocletian, Decius), that they tolerated Christians and issued edicts on tolerance (Edict of Milan, Edict of Serdica – Galerius, Licinius, Constantine), that they legalized Christianity (Constantine) that they built the biggest church (Justinian)?
It is very difficult to draw any conclusions from the Hollywood versions of the fall of the Roman Empire including this backdated reverse engineering where the current uncontrolled immigration to the US is projected back into the Roman Empire with the intention of concluding that the American Empire will also fail.
And indeed, the laws of logic state that the conclusion (law of implication) can be true even if the premises are wrong (but not the other way around), which can be illustrated by the proverb – even a blind hen sometimes finds a grain of wheat.
Exact opposite. It was the Catholic Church that preserved the works of antiquity. Constantinople fell on Pentecost because they were unfaithful because they rejected the Filioque.
http://italianthro.blogspot.com/2016/02/biochemistry-skeletons-ancient-rome.html
http://italianthro.blogspot.com/2011/01/tenney-franks-orientalization-refuted.html
http://italianthro.blogspot.com/2010/09/few-foreigners-in-ancient-rome.html
http://italianthro.blogspot.com/2010/09/minimal-impact-of-roman-slavery.html
http://italianthro.altervista.org/italians.html
A brief history of the negotiations between the Orthodox and the Latins at the Council of Florence (1439), or, de facto history of the capitulation of the Orthodox. The Orthodox had to accept the teaching of the Latins known as “filioques” about the descent of the Holy Spirit and His descent from the other two hypostases. And then they had to declare that the filioque, as an addition within the Creed, has always been canonical and blessed.
It should be emphasized that not all Roman popes approved the filioques, and a few considered the introduction of an addition to the Creed completely uncanonical.
Furthermore, the Orthodox were required to accept the Latin teaching regarding the consecration of the Holy Gifts and to reject their own teaching, which was presented during the performance of the Holy Liturgy of the Eastern Church. In addition, the Latin attitude was also expressed in their statements regarding the liturgical practice of the Eastern Church.
And finally, the Orthodox had to sign and accept the declaration on papism, formulated as follows:
“We declare that the Holy Apostolic See and the Roman Pontiff have primacy on the whole earth, and that the Roman Pontiff is the successor of the blessed Peter, the leader of the Apostles, and that the vicar of Christ, head of the whole Church, shepherd and teacher of all Christians; and that our Lord Jesus Christ in the image of St. Peter gave full authority to guard, direct and manage the entire Church, as stated in the decisions of the Ecumenical Councils and in the holy canons.”
The Orthodox were forced to accept purgatory in the same way.
What did it mean?
That it is irrelevant what Christ said and did, what his disciples and apostles preached, what Thomas Aquinas said. The Roman Pope, as infallible, was supposed to decide on everything, including the interpretation of the Holy Scriptures. This way of organization was later called – the Mafia. The Byzantine Emperor and the Patriarch and all the local Orthodox churches were forced to accept the Vatican teachings. All, except the Serbian Orthodox Church, which did not even send a representative to Florence. When they found out about it, riots broke out in Constantinople and over time the Orthodox churches began to withdraw from the mafia clutches of the Vatican.
Serbs saved Orthodoxy from destruction.
Gibbon was convinced that Rome collapsed because of the ghastly Middle Eastern slave cult that took over after the demoralization that followed a half century of natural, political, and military disasters. In reality, the fall of Rome was so quiet that it was barely noted at the time it happened. Constantine had moved the empire’s administrative bureaucracy to his new city in the east a hundred and fifty years earlier, and it remained the capital of the Romaion Empire for another thousand years. The final emperor in Rome was a child, Romulus Augustulus (”little Augustus”) who presided over a dusty, looted museum of lost pagan glory, with a small fraction of the population it held at its height. The Germanic warlord Odovacer pensioned him off and quietly sent the imperial regalia to Constantinople with a polite note stating, “An emperor is no longer needed in the west.” Broken into small local kingdoms, Europe would remain an insignificant backwater until the Norman Conquest of England revitalized it centuries later.
There is no parallel between the US situation today and Rome in the fifth century. It is however absolutely uncanny how we are acting out what happened in the final century of the Roman Republic, when military might and aristocratic greed reduced Rome’s traditional institutions to hollow mockeries stripped of their power to safeguard the liberty of the citizens. They even had their own sort-of Donald Trump in Catiline, a man of the aristocracy who became a champion of ordinary people, and who was and remains to this day vilified by the elite who got to write the history. He even had his own comic opera “insurrection.” The chaos was finally resolved when the first emperor assumed all the powers of the state to himself. This event would be celebrated ever after as “Restoration of the Republic” Day. I have no doubt it would warm the hearts of our corrupt GOP/Dem uniparty if they could pull off a repeat of this travesty.
The fall of the Western Roman Empire has nothing to do with the city of Rome. The capital of the united Roman Empire was Sirmium (which was one of the four Roman capitals before that) almost 200 years before the fall of the Western Roman Empire and proclaimed by Justinian (truthfully, this is not in the Hollywood movies).
It was not the Germans who overthrew the Western Roman Empire, but the Goths, and they were not Germans (one of the world’s biggest forgeries that not even one panzer on this site mentions anymore). The Catholic sect of William the Conqueror occupied England, destroyed Orthodoxy there and imprisoned the Orthodox bishops who did not want to crown the emissary of the mafia that separated from the mother church and began to conquer new territories with mafia methods, which they continue to do until today.
… proclaimed by Diocletian …
Interesting.
I’m also thinking all those wars led to loss of virile Roman males.
In time, the kind of men who stayed behind and bred were the weaklings.
Rome fell because nearly all of the older elite Roman families were destroyed by something called proscription, meaning the Emperor had the ability to outlaw and post lists of names of anyone he didn’t like, and those people would be legally killed by the mob.
The property of those proscribed was then confiscated by the Emperor. It was legalized murder and robbery. Nearly the entire Roman Senate was wiped out within a century, and most of the old senatorial and knightly families died out. Its nearest equivalent was what happened in Russia after the Bolsheviks came to power, or in China after the Maoists came to power. They destroyed anybody who had achieved anything and seized their property. When the Roman Republic became an Empire, it did indeed become massively corrupt, and that corruption ruined it. That’s why we have to get rid of Biden and his ilk. Obama started it, but the Democrats are in the process of corrupting the federal government to the point where they can just loot it at will.
The wealth and prominence were achieved primarily because of higher IQ. Kill the elite, you kill the brains. Someone like Pol Pot figured that out. He killed all the intellectuals because he didn’t want anyone left who was smart enough to figure out how to overthrow him.
Physiognomy says it all.
Look at bust of Caesar, Seneca, etc.
Then this guy:
https://external-content.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient.eu%2Fimg%2Fc%2Fp%2F1200x627%2F13049.jpeg%3Fv%3D1603608253&f=1&nofb=1&ipt=fceb45ac1d34fce18fb546d6d7b5a9e38f4fd80781dc05be7a01662a3ccafa5c&ipo=images
You can read about him too.
https://www.worldhistory.org/image/13049/florianus-facial-reconstruction/
Generally that is the cause of the fall of empires. Arrogance and arrogance cause growing greed and racial hatred that generates increasingly stupid imperial populations that only think about killing. It begins by lacking true leaders and collapse is assured.
It’s good to remember that the Roman Empire was really always two Empires. You had the Greek speaking eastern part which dominated from Greece [obviously] and owned Anatolia, the levant, and Egypt. Sicily could also be thrown in there. This is what became the Byzantine Empire later on…it didn’t collapse but held together for 1000 more years, until Muslim Turkish hordes over ran it.
The western part is what fell. It’s easier to figure out reasons why since this is a narrowed down region. It is the part that was having huge waves of barbarians moving into it, and struggling to integrate the tribes it welcomed in. There were also invasions from powerful tribes such as the Huns and the Goths. This goes back to the WHY part of the article – why couldn’t Rome hold these groups back or assimilate them? It could be as simple as multi culturalism.
The Greek Eastern part had different cultures under it’s sphere but it didn’t have mass movements of them unlike the west. The times that Goths did enter the Greek part, they were treated with hostility and at times would be massacred during anti-Gothic riots in Constantinople [up to 7000 Gothic families were massacred on July 12th 400AD].
Biden and friends are the symptoms, government is the disease.
Woody Allen commented that most people wanted to achieve immortality through their works or their children. He wanted to achieve immortality by not dying.
That is what intelligence is.
Hume was quite correct. Science is a matter of faith, going back to Classical Greek’s idea that the universe runs, at least mostly, by simple laws that humans can understand — the idea of “truth” as opposed to “political expediency” that all other late Iron Age societies followed. Experiments cannot entirely validate science. The fall of classical physics demonstrates Hume’s observation.
However.
Science is built on mathematics and observation. That’s what science is. So far, science has been immensely successful, producing (among other things) the basic knowledge needed for engineering and making the computer from which you are now reading. Hume himself noted that refusing to accept observation and deduced cause and effect would make ordinary life impossible. Radical skeptics may claim to believe nothing, but they ordinarily use doorways rather than walls to enter and exit rooms. Sometimes the radical skeptics even open the door first, they aren’t entirely dumb.
Dutton’s point is that, statistically, there is some chance that the skeletons he picked out were, just by sheer chance, the dumber ones (or maybe the smarter ones?) in the Roman population. Could happen, no way to prevent it. Dutton computed the chance of that happening, and noted that it is fairly small, well within the chance normally accepted within his field of study. This is a valid point.
Dutton’s use of mathematics could be similarly criticized. “Mathematics is a gift that we neither deserve nor understand” ( https://math.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html ). Rejection of mathematics would, however, make daily life impossible. The radical skeptic is apt to keep a budget enforced by his bank, if nothing else, and accounting is a form of mathematics.
And there are counterexamples. The same mathematics and reliance on observations that support astronomy are a major part of astrology. Yet astronomy yields useful results and astrology does not. Christendom’s belief in Thomism was responsible for Galileo’s hitting the jackpot of combining observation with mathematics to yield consistent agreement of mathematics with observation.
So, Dutton may be wrong, but it’s not because he’s not “doing science”.
Roman Empire. Huh. I knew the Freud quacks have assigned “honorary” IQ values to some celebrities who never went to their tests (for example died before this particular pseudoscience was created)… but now this gone beyond laughable.
Let’s just pick the funny examples of why the old saying about lies and statistics goes this way:
Because we all know that the twins, as a rule, have nothing else in common. No need to get into details.
Not even starting on correlation, etc. Consider: both genetics and IQ tests are individual. So why jump to “national” aggregation when talking about covariance in the results of both? A crude attempt at sleight of hand.
So ’tis not with juggler born!